/*
 * NARS-Examples-SingleStep.txt  
 * Pei Wang [All Rights Reserved]
 * last modified: August 2007
 *
 * Examples showing conclusions of single-step inference in the Java applet,
 * listed roughly in the order by which the rules are introduced into the logic  
 * in the book "Rigid Flexibility: The Logic of Intelligence".
 *
 * Each example consists of a title, an input text, and selected output sentences,
 * separated by "--------------------".
 * 
 * To show all derived sentences, select menu item "Parameter/Report Silence Level",
 * move the scrollbar to set the value to around 10, then click the "Hind" button.
 *
 * To run an example, do the following:
 * (1) reset the memory by selecting menu item "Memory/Initialize",
 * (2) copy the input text and paste it into the Input Window, e.g. for the first
 *     example, it is the following two sentences plus one number:
 * <bird --> swimmer>.
 * <bird --> swimmer>. %0.1; 0.6% 
 * 1
 * (3) click the "OK" botton. The output text should include the given conclusion(s),
 *     plus, for some examples, other conclusions produced by related rules.
 *
 * The user can edit an example, or make up new ones, according to the grammer 
 * specified in the User's Guide of the NARS Applet.
 */


/* ---------- NAL-1 ---------- */

// revision

<bird --> swimmer>.
<bird --> swimmer>. %0.1; 0.6% 
1
--------------------
<bird --> swimmer>. %0.87;0.91%


// deduction

<bird --> animal>.
<robin --> bird>.
1
--------------------
<robin --> animal>. %1.00;0.81%

// abduction

<sport --> competition>.
<chess --> competition>. %0.8%
1
--------------------
<sport --> chess>. %1.00;0.39%
<chess --> sport>. %0.80;0.44%

// induction

<swan --> swimmer>. %0.7%
<swan --> bird>. 
1
--------------------
<bird --> swimmer>. %0.70;0.44%
<swimmer --> bird>. %1.00;0.36%

// answering "yes/no" question 

<bird --> swimmer>.
<bird --> swimmer>?
1
--------------------
<bird --> swimmer>. %1.00;0.90%

// answering "what" question 

<bird --> swimmer>.
<?x --> swimmer>?
1
--------------------
<bird --> swimmer>. %1.00;0.90%

// derived question

<bird --> swimmer>.
<?x --> swimmer>?
1
--------------------
<?1 --> bird>? 
<bird --> ?1>? 
<?1 <-> bird>? 


/* ---------- NAL-2 ---------- */

// comparison

<swan --> swimmer>. %0.7%
<swan --> bird>. 
1
--------------------
<bird <-> swimmer>. %0.70;0.44%

// analogy

<swan --> swimmer>.
<gull <-> swan>.
1
--------------------
<gull --> swimmer>. %1.00;0.72% 

// resemblance

<swan <-> robin>.
<gull <-> swan>.
1
--------------------
<gull <-> robin>. %1.00;0.81%

// instance relation

<Tweety {-- bird>.
--------------------
<{Tweety} --> bird> %1.00;0.90%

// property relation

<raven --] black>.
--------------------
<raven --> [black]> %1.00;0.90%

// instance-property relation

<Tweety {-] yellow>.
--------------------
<{Tweety} --> [yellow]> %1.00;0.90%

// inheritance to similarity

<swan --> bird>.
<bird --> swan>. %0.1%
1
--------------------
<bird <-> swan>. %0.10;0.89%

// set definition

<{Tweety} --> {Birdie}>.
3
--------------------
<{Birdie} <-> {Tweety}>. %1.00;0.90%

// set decomposition

<{Tweety} <-> {Birdie}>. %0.9%
2
--------------------
<Birdie <-> Tweety>. %0.90;0.90%


/* ---------- NAL-3 ---------- */

// compound composition, two premises

<swan --> swimmer>. %0.9%
<swan --> flyer>. %0.8%
1
--------------------
<swan --> (|,flyer,swimmer)>. %0.98;0.96%
<swan --> (&,flyer,swimmer)>. %0.72;0.83%
<swan --> (-,swimmer,flyer)>. %0.18;0.89%
<swan --> (-,flyer,swimmer)>. %0.08;0.90%

// compound decomposition

<robin --> (|,flyer,swimmer)>.
<robin --> swimmer>. %0%
4
--------------------
<robin --> flyer>. %1.00;0.81%

// set operations

<something --> {Venus, Mars, Pluto}>. %0.9%
<something --> {Pluto, Saturn}>. %0.8%
9
--------------------
<something --> {Mars,Pluto,Saturn,Venus}>.%0.98;0.96%
<something --> {Pluto}>.%0.72;0.83%
<something --> {Mars,Venus}>.%0.18;0.89%
<something --> {Saturn}>.%0.08;0.90%


/* ---------- NAL-4 ---------- */

// structural transformation

<(*, acid, base) --> reaction>.
11
--------------------
<acid --> (/,reaction,_,base)>. %1.00;0.90%
<base --> (/,reaction,acid,_)>. %1.00;0.90%

<acid --> (/,reaction,_,base)>.
11
--------------------
<(*,acid,base) --> reaction>. %1.00;0.90%
<base --> (/,reaction,acid,_)>. %1.00;0.90%

<base --> (/,reaction,acid,_)>.
11
--------------------
<acid --> (/,reaction,_,base)>. %1.00;0.90%
<(*,acid,base) --> reaction>. %1.00;0.90%


/* ---------- NAL-5 ---------- */

// deduction

<<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal>>.
<<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> bird>>. %0.7;0.8%
25
--------------------
<<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> animal>>. %0.70;0.50%

<<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal>>.
<robin --> bird>.
1
--------------------
<robin --> animal>. %1.00;0.81%

// induction

<<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal>>. 
<<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> flyer>>. %0.8%
24
--------------------
<<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> animal>>. %1.00;0.39%
<<robin --> animal> ==> <robin --> flyer>>. %0.80;0.44%

// abduction

<<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal>>. %0.7%
<<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> animal>>.
25
--------------------
<<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> flyer>>. %0.70;0.44%
<<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> bird>>. %1.00;0.36%

<<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal>>. %0.7%
<robin --> animal>.
1
--------------------
<robin --> bird>. %1.00;0.36%

// compound composition

<<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal>>. %0.9%
<<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> flyer>>. %0.8%
24
--------------------
<<robin --> bird> ==> (||,<robin --> animal>,<robin --> flyer>)>. %0.98;0.96%
<<robin --> bird> ==> (&&,<robin --> animal>,<robin --> flyer>)>. %0.72;0.83%
<<robin --> bird> ==> (&&,(--,<robin --> flyer>),<robin --> animal>)>. %0.18;0.89%
<<robin --> bird> ==> (&&,(--,<robin --> animal>),<robin --> flyer>)>. %0.08;0.90%

// compound decomposition

<<robin --> bird> ==> (&&,<robin --> animal>,<robin --> swimmer>)>. %0%
<<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal>>.
21
--------------------
<<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> swimmer>>. %0.00;0.81%

// negation

(--,<robin --> flyer>). %0.1%
1
--------------------
<robin --> flyer>. %0.90;0.90%

// contraposition

<(--,<robin --> bird>) ==> <robin --> flyer>>. %0.1%
11
--------------------
<(--,<robin --> flyer>) ==> <robin --> bird>>. %0.00;0.44%


/* ---------- NAL-6 ---------- */

// variable unification

<<#x --> bird> ==> <#x --> flyer>>.
<<#y --> bird> ==> <#y --> flyer>>. %0; 0.7%
1
--------------------
<<#1 --> bird> ==> <#1 --> flyer>>. %0.79;0.91%

<<#x --> bird> ==> <#x --> animal>>.
<<#y --> robin> ==> <#y --> bird>>.
1
--------------------
<<#1 --> robin> ==> <#1 --> animal>>. %1.00;0.81%
<<#1 --> animal> ==> <#1 --> robin>>. %1.00;0.44%

// variable elimination

<<#x --> bird> ==> <#x --> animal>>.
<robin --> bird>.
1
--------------------
<robin --> animal>. %1.00;0.81%

(&&,<#x() --> bird>,<#x() --> swimmer>).
<swan --> bird>. %0.9%
1
--------------------
<swan --> swimmer>. %1.00;0.42%

// variable introduction

<swan --> bird>. 
<swan --> swimmer>. %0.8%
1
--------------------
<<#1 --> swimmer> ==> <#1 --> bird>>. %1.00;0.39%
<<#1 --> bird> ==> <#1 --> swimmer>>. %0.80;0.44%
<<#1 --> bird> <=> <#1 --> swimmer>>. %0.80;0.44%
(&&,<#1() --> bird>,<#1() --> swimmer>). %0.80;0.82%

<gull --> swimmer>. 
<swan --> swimmer>. %0.8%
1
--------------------
<<swan --> #1> ==> <gull --> #1>>. %1.00;0.39%
<<gull --> #1> ==> <swan --> #1>>. %0.80;0.44%
<<gull --> #1> <=> <swan --> #1>>. %0.80;0.44%
(&&,<gull --> #1()>,<swan --> #1()>). %0.80;0.82%


/* ---------- NAL-7 ---------- */

// temporal inference

<<(*, #x, room_101) --> enter> =\> <(*, #x, door_101) --> open>>. %0.9%
<<(*, #y, door_101) --> open> =\> <(*, #y, key_101) --> hold>>. %0.8%
48
--------------------
<<(*,#1,room_101) --> enter> =\> <(*,#1,key_101) --> hold>>. %0.72;0.58%
<<(*,#1,key_101) --> hold> =/> <(*,#1,room_101) --> enter>>. %1.00;0.36%

<<(*, #x, door_101) --> open> =/> <(*, #x, room_101) --> enter>>. %0.95%
<<(*, #x, room_101) --> enter> <|> <(*, #x, corridor_100) --> leave>>.
61
--------------------
<<(*,#1,door_101) --> open> =/> <(*,#1,corridor_100) --> leave>>. %0.95;0.72%

// inference on tense

<<(*, #x, key_101) --> hold> =/> <(*, #x, room_101) --> enter>>. %0.7%
(/>, <(*, John, key_101) --> hold>).
1
--------------------
(/>,<(*,John,room_101) --> enter>). %0.70;0.56%

<<(*, #x, key_101) --> hold> =/> <(*, #x, room_101) --> enter>>. %0.7%
(|>, <(*, John, room_101) --> enter>).
1
--------------------
(\>,<(*,John,key_101) --> hold>). %0.70;0.44%


/* ---------- NAL-8 ---------- */

// goal revision

<John --> (/,inside,_,room_101)>!
<John --> (/,inside,_,room_101)>! %0; 0.60%
1
---------------------------------
<John --> (/,inside,_,room_101)>! %0.85;0.91%

// goal derivation

<(*, John, room_101) --> enter>!
<<(*, #x, key_101) --> hold> =/> <(*, #x, room_101) --> enter>>. %0.7%
1
----------------
<(*,John,key_101) --> hold>! %0.70;0.56%